I have pondered the fluid flow dynamics of Li ions in search of a happy connection to an atom for a resting place. Of course the Li ion repels other ions, for those in the middle “stream” perhaps the net force balances to zero, but on the edges not so. As the ions crashes to the end of their journey in competition with other ions for a resting place their is likely a sequence that could be influenced by local charge topology. I wonder if anyone has played around (DOE) with surface topology to optimize the fluid flow (current) transition to rest state.